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Where Were the Us September 11 Silver Art Medals Lest We Forget Minted?

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Usa 5-cent money minted since 1938

Jefferson nickel

Us
Value 5 cents (0.05 US dollars)
Mass 5.000 g
Diameter 21.21 mm
Edge Evidently
Limerick
  • 75% copper
  • 25% nickel
"Wartime Nickels"
(mid-1942 to 1945)
  • 56% copper
  • 35% silver
  • 9% manganese
Years of minting 1938 – present
Mint marks D, Due south, P, W (2020 just). Located from 1938 to 1964 to the right of Monticello, except for "wartime nickels" which have a big mint marking above Monticello. No mint marks used from 1965 to 1967. From 1968 to 2004, slightly clockwise from the concluding digit of the appointment. In 2005, under "Liberty". Since 2006, under the appointment. Philadelphia Mint specimens before 1980 lack mint mark, except for wartime nickels, which have a P for Philadelphia if struck there.
Obverse
Design Thomas Jefferson
Designer Jamie Franki
Design date 2006–present
Pattern date 1938–2004 (left) and 2005 (right). Struck without "FS" initials prior to 1966.
Reverse
US Nickel 2013 Rev.png
Design Monticello
Designer Felix Schlag
Blueprint appointment 1938–2003 and 2006–present. Struck without "FS" initials prior to 2006.
Design date upper 2 designs struck in 2004; lower two in 2005

The Jefferson nickel has been the v-cent coin struck by the United States Mint since 1938, when it replaced the Buffalo nickel. From 1938 until 2004, the copper-nickel money'south obverse featured a profile depiction of founding begetter and third U.S. President Thomas Jefferson by artist Felix Schlag; the obverse pattern used in 2005 was also in profile, though by Joe Fitzgerald. Since 2006 Jefferson's portrayal, newly designed by Jamie Franki, faces forward. The coin'southward reverse is nevertheless the Schlag original, although in 2004 and 2005 the piece bore commemorative designs.

First struck in 1913, the Buffalo nickel had long been difficult to coin, and after it completed the 25-year term during which it could exist replaced only by Congress, the Mint moved speedily to replace information technology with a new blueprint. The Mint conducted a design competition, in early 1938, requiring that Jefferson be depicted on the obverse and Jefferson'southward house Monticello on the opposite. Schlag won the competition, but was required to submit an entirely new opposite and brand other changes earlier the new piece went into production in October 1938.

As nickel was a strategic war material during Globe War II, nickels coined from 1942 to 1945 were struck in a copper-silver-manganese blend which would not require adjustment to vending machines. They bear a large mint mark above the depiction of Monticello on the contrary. In 2004 and 2005, the nickel saw new designs as part of the Westward Journey nickel series, and since 2006 has borne Schlag'south opposite and Franki's obverse.

Inception [edit]

The design for the Buffalo nickel is well regarded today, and has appeared both on a commemorative silver dollar and a bullion coin. Nevertheless, during the time it was struck (1913–1938), it was less well liked, especially by Mint authorities, whose attempts to bring out the full blueprint increased an already loftier rate of die breakage. By 1938, it had been struck for 25 years, thus condign eligible to be replaced by action of the Secretary of the Treasury rather than past Congress. The Mint, which is part of the Department of the Treasury, moved quickly and without public protest to replace the coin.[1]

In late January 1938, the Mint announced an open contest for the new nickel design, with the winner to receive a prize of $1,000. The borderline for submissions was Apr 15; Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross and three sculptors were to be the judges. Competitors were to identify a portrait of Jefferson on the obverse, and a depiction of his firm, Monticello, on the reverse.[ii]

By mid-March, few entries had been received. This seeming lack of response proved to be misleading, equally many artists had planned to enter the competition and submitted designs virtually the borderline. On April 20, the judges viewed 390 entries; 4 days later, Felix Schlag was announced as the winner.[three] Schlag had been built-in in Frg and had come up to the The states only nine years previously.[4] Either through a misunderstanding or an oversight, Schlag did not include his initials in the design; they would not be added until 1966.[5] The bosom of Jefferson on the obverse closely resembles his bosom by sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon, which is to be plant in Boston's Museum of Fine Arts.[6]

In early on May, it was reported that the Mint required some changes to Schlag's blueprint prior to coining. Schlag's original blueprint showed a 3-quarters view of Monticello, including a tree. Officials disliked the lettering Schlag had used, a more than modernistic mode than that used on the eventual coin. The tree was another source of official displeasure; officials decided it was a palm tree and incorrectly believed Jefferson could not have been growing such a thing. A formal request for changes was sent to Schlag in late May. The sculptor was busy with other projects and did not piece of work on the nickel until mid-June. When he did, he changed the contrary to a plain view, or head-on perspective, of Monticello.[7] Art historian Cornelius Vermeule described the modify:

Official gustatory modality eliminated this interesting, even exciting, view, and substituted the mausoleum of Roman profile and blurred forms that masquerades as the edifice on the finished coin. On the trial reverse the name "Monticello" seemed scarcely necessary and was therefore, logically, omitted. On the coin equally issued it seems essential lest i recollect the building portrayed is the vault at Fort Knox, a state archives building, or a public library somewhere.[8]

The designs were submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts for their recommendation in mid-July; the version submitted included the new version of Monticello but may not have included the revised lettering. The Commission approved the designs. Notwithstanding, Commission chairman Charles Moore asked that the positions of the mottos on the reverse exist switched, with the country proper noun at the height; this was not done. After the Fine Arts Commission recommendation, the Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Morgenthau, approved the design.[7]

On Baronial 21, the Anderson (Indiana) Herald noted:

[T]he Federal Fine Arts Commission ... didn't like the view of Thomas Jefferson's home, Monticello, so they required the creative person to do another film of the front end of the house.[9] They did not like the lettering on the coin. Information technology wasn't in keeping, but they forgot to say what information technology wasn't in keeping with ... At that place is no more reason for imitating the Romans in this respect [by using Roman-style lettering on the money] than in that location would be for modeling our automobiles later the chariot of Ben Hur'southward day.[4]

Production [edit]

1938–1945: Early minting; Globe War II changes [edit]

Production of the Jefferson nickel began at all iii mints (Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco), on October 3, 1938. Past mid-November, some twelve million had been coined, and they were officially released into circulation on Nov 15; more than thirty million would be struck in 1938.[ten] Co-ordinate to gimmicky accounts, the Jefferson nickel was initially hoarded, and information technology was not until 1940 that it was commonly seen in circulation.[eleven]

In 1939, the Mint recut the hub for the nickel, sharpening the steps on Monticello, which had been fuzzy in initial strikings. Since then, a exam for whether a nickel is particularly well struck has been whether all six steps appear clearly, with "full step" nickels more collectable.[12] For specialty collectors this 1939 die modify besides created two varieties for all three mints and proof strikings that twelvemonth, the "Reverse of 1938" and the "Opposite of 1940", the latter being more than common for Philadelphia, scarcer for the other 2 mints.[13] A 1940 proof with the 1938 contrary has also been discovered. [14]

With the entry of the United States into Earth War II, nickel became a critical war material, and the Mint sought to reduce its utilize of the metallic. On March 27, 1942, Congress authorized a nickel made of 50% copper and 50% silver, but gave the Mint the say-so to vary the proportions, or add together other metals, in the public interest. The Mint's greatest concern was in finding an alloy which would use no nickel, simply still satisfy counterfeit detectors in vending machines. An alloy of 56% copper, 35% silver and nine% manganese proved suitable, and this blend began to be coined into nickels from October 1942. In the hopes of making them like shooting fish in a barrel to sort out and withdraw after the war, the Mint struck all "war nickels" with a large mint mark actualization above Monticello. The mint mark P for Philadelphia was the first time that mint's marker had appeared on a U.s. coin. The prewar limerick and smaller mint mark (or no mint mark for Philadelphia) were resumed in 1946. In a 2000 commodity in The Numismatist, Mark A. Benvenuto suggested that the amount of nickel saved by the switch was not significant to the war effort, just that the war nickel served as a ubiquitous reminder of the sacrifices that needed to exist made for victory.[15]

Within the war nickel series collectors recognize two additions, one official, the other counterfeit. Some 1943-P nickels are overdated. Here a dice for the previous year was reused, allowing a "2" to exist visible under the "3".[sixteen] In addition, a number of 1944 nickels are known without the large "P" mintmark. These were produced in 1954 past Francis LeRoy Henning, who also fabricated apocryphal nickels with at to the lowest degree iv other dates.[17]

1946–2003: Afterward production of original designs [edit]

When it became known that the Denver Mint had struck only ii,630,030 nickels in 1950, the coins (catalogued as 1950-D) began to be widely hoarded. Speculation in them increased in the early 1960s, but prices decreased sharply in 1964. Because they were so widely pulled from apportionment, the 1950-D is readily available today. A number of reverse dies with an Due south mint mark, intended for the San Francisco Mint, were created in 1955; they were non used every bit that mint struck no nickels that twelvemonth and afterwards closed, and the unused dies were sent for employ at Denver, where the Southward mint mark was overpunched with a D.[xviii] 1949 and 1954 are other years where one mintmark was punched over another.

Proof coins, struck at Philadelphia, had been minted for auction to collectors in 1938 and continued through 1942.[xix] In the latter year proofs were struck in both the regular and "war nickel" compositions, afterwards which they were discontinued. Sales of proof coins began again in 1950 and continued until 1964, when their hitting was discontinued during the coin shortage. In 1966 a small alter was made to the design to add the initials of the designer (FS) to the obverse, underneath Jefferson'due south portrait. In celebration of that change, two proof 1966 nickels with the initials were struck and presented to him. Special mint sets, of lower quality than proof coins, were struck from 1965 to 1967. Proof money sales resumed in 1968, with coins struck at the reopened San Francisco facility. Coins struck at any mint between 1965 and 1967 lack mint marks. Showtime in 1968, mint marks were again used, but were moved to the lower part of the obverse, to the right of Jefferson'due south bust.[20] No nickels were produced in Philadelphia in 1968, 1969 or 1970, and and then there are no nickels from these years bearing the P mint mark. From 1971, no nickels were struck for circulation in San Francisco—the 1971-S was the first nickel struck in proof only since 1878.[21] In both 1994 and 1997 matte proof nickels, with distinctive grainy surfaces, were struck in small numbers at the Philadelphia mint for inclusion in commemorative coin sets.[22]

During the late twentieth century the Mint repeatedly modified the pattern. In 1982, the steps were sharpened in that year'south redesign. The 1987 modification saw the sharpening of Jefferson's pilus and the details of Monticello—since 1987, well-struck nickels with six total steps on the reverse have been relatively common. In 1993, Jefferson'south hair was again sharpened.[23]

Obverse struck in 2004, the last year Schlag'due south obverse design was used

2003–present: W Journey nickel series; redesign of obverse [edit]

This reverse of the Indian Peace Medal struck for Jefferson served every bit the basis of one of the Western Journey designs

In June 2002, Mint officials were interested in redesigning the nickel in honor of the upcoming bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. They contacted the office of Representative Eric Cantor (Republican-Virginia). Cantor had concerns most moving Monticello, located in his dwelling house state, off the nickel, and sponsored legislation which would permit the Mint to strike different designs in 2003, 2004, and 2005, and once again depict Monticello beginning in 2006.[24] The resultant human action, the "American 5-Cent Coin Design Continuity Act of 2003", was signed into police on April 23, 2003. Nether its terms, the Treasury Secretary could vary the nickel'south designs in laurels of the 200th anniversary of the Expedition and of the Louisiana Purchase, but the nickel would again feature Jefferson and Monticello showtime in 2006.[25] Nether Cantor's legislation, every hereafter v-cent coin will feature Jefferson and Monticello.[26]

In November 2003, the Mint announced the kickoff two reverse designs, to exist struck with Schlag's obverse in 2004.[27] The get-go, designed by Usa Mint sculptor-engraver Norman Due east. Nemeth, depicts an adaptation of the Indian Peace Medals struck for Jefferson. The second, by Mint sculptor-engraver Alfred Maletsky, depicts a keelboat like that used by the Expedition.[28]

Monticello returned to the opposite of the Jefferson nickel in 2006

The 2005 nickels presented a new image of the old President, designed past Joe Fitzgerald based on Houdon's bust of Jefferson.[29] The discussion "Freedom" was taken from Jefferson'south handwritten draft for the Proclamation of Independence, though to achieve a capital L, Fitzgerald had to obtain one from other documents written by Jefferson.[30] The opposite for the start one-half of the yr depicted an American bison, recalling the Buffalo nickel and designed by Jamie Franki. The opposite for the second half showed a coastline and the words "Ocean in view! O! The Joy!", from a periodical entry by William Clark, co-leader of the Expedition.[29] Clark had actually written the word every bit "ocian", merely the Mint modernized the spelling.[30]

The obverse design for the nickel debuting in 2006 was designed past Franki. It depicts a forrard-facing Jefferson based on an 1800 study by Rembrandt Peale, and includes "Liberty" in Jefferson's script. According to Acting Mint Managing director David Lebryk, "The image of a forward-facing Jefferson is a fitting tribute to [his] vision."[31] The reverse start in 2006 was again Schlag's Monticello design, but newly sharpened past Mint engravers.[32] Equally Schlag's obverse pattern, on which his initials were placed in 1966, is no longer used, his initials were placed on the reverse to the right of Monticello.[33]

In 2009, a total of merely 86,640,000 nickels were struck for circulation.[34] The figure increased in 2010 to 490,560,000.[35] The unusually depression 2009 figures were caused by a lack of demand for coins in commerce due to poor economic weather condition.[36] In 2020, the coin was struck for the offset time at the West Point Mint with mint mark W; these pieces were not released into apportionment but were used equally premiums in the Mint'southward annual sets. A proof 2020-W nickel was placed in the clad proof ready and a reverse proof 2020-W nickel in the silver proof gear up.[37] Plans to include an uncirculated 2020-W nickel in the annual uncirculated coin prepare were abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[38]

The Circulating Collectible Money Redesign Human action of 2020 (Pub.L. 116–330 (text) (PDF)) was signed by President Donald Trump on Jan thirteen, 2021. It provides for, amidst other things, special one-yr designs for the circulating coinage in 2026, including the nickel, for the The states Semiquincentennial (250th anniversary), with one of the designs to depict women.[39]

Meet also [edit]

  • The states nickel mintage figures

References [edit]

  1. ^ Bowers 2007, p. 127.
  2. ^ Bowers 2007, pp. 127–128.
  3. ^ Bowers 2007, p. 129.
  4. ^ a b Taxay 1983, p. 369.
  5. ^ Bardes, Herbert C. Nickel designer gains his identify. The New York Times, July 24, 1966, p. 85. Retrieved on April seven, 2011. Fee for commodity.
  6. ^ Vermeule 1971, pp. 205–206.
  7. ^ a b Bowers 2007, pp. 129–131.
  8. ^ Vermeule 1971, p. 207.
  9. ^ Sic; the view is actually the rear summit, non the front end
  10. ^ Bowers 2007, pp. 141–143.
  11. ^ Lange 2006, p. 167.
  12. ^ Bowers 2007, pp. 143–144.
  13. ^ 1939 5C Reverse of 1938 (Regular Strike)
  14. ^ 1940 Transitional 5c Opposite Design
  15. ^ Bowers 2007, pp. 146–148.
  16. ^ 1943/2-P 5C, FS (Regular Strike)
  17. ^ "Henning Counterfeit Nickel". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2014-03-19 .
  18. ^ Bowers 2007, p. 149.
  19. ^ Bowers 2007, p. 143.
  20. ^ Bowers 2007, pp. 259–260.
  21. ^ Bowers 2007, p. 222.
  22. ^ The 1994 & 1997 Matte Finish Jefferson Nickels
  23. ^ Bowers 2007, pp. 150–151.
  24. ^ Va. legislators want to go on their nickel back. AP via The states TODAY, July 23, 2002. Retrieved on April seven, 2011.
  25. ^ Nation to go newly-designed nickels. U.s.a. Mint, Apr 24, 2003. Retrieved on Apr 7, 2011.
  26. ^ U.S. Code, Championship 31, Section 5112 Archived 2011-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. Cornell Academy Constabulary Schoolhouse. Retrieved on Apr 20, 2011.
  27. ^ Anderson, Gordon T. U.S. to get 2 new nickels. CNN Coin, Nov 6, 2003. Retrieved on April 7, 2011.
  28. ^ The 2004 Westward Journey nickel series designs. United states Mint. Retrieved on April vii, 2011.
  29. ^ a b The 2005 Westward Journey nickel series designs. United States Mint. Retrieved on April 7, 2011.
  30. ^ a b Frazier, Joseph. New nickel recalls historic moment. AP via The Annals-Guard (Eugene, Ore.), August 5, 2005, p. C7. Retrieved on April 7, 2011.
  31. ^ United states of america unveils forwards-looking nickel. BBC, October 6, 2005. Retrieved on April viii, 2011.
  32. ^ The 2006 Due west Journeying nickel series designs. United States Mint. Retrieved on April eight, 2011.
  33. ^ Jefferson nickels. Collectors Weekly. Retrieved on Apr 12, 2011.
  34. ^ 2009 money production. U.s. Mint. Retrieved on April 20, 2011.
  35. ^ 2010 money production. United states of america Mint. Retrieved on Apr 20, 2011.
  36. ^ Unser, Darrin Lee. The states money mintages plummeted as Mint cutting production. Coin News, January xx, 2010. Retrieved on April 20, 2011.
  37. ^ Gilkes, Paul (Jan ten, 2020). "Mint to result 2020-Westward Jefferson v-cent coins every bit annual set up premiums". Coin World . Retrieved Jan 10, 2020.
  38. ^ Gilkes, Paul. "2020 Uncirculated Mint set won't contain 2020-Westward five-cent coin". coinworld.com. Amos Media Company. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  39. ^ Gilkes, Paul (January 15, 2021). "Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Human activity of 2020 signed by president". Coin World . Retrieved January 23, 2021.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Bowers, Q. David (2007). A Guide Book of Buffalo and Jefferson Nickels. Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing. ISBN978-0-7948-2008-4.
  • Lange, David W. (2006). History of the Us Mint and Its Coinage. Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing. ISBN978-0-7948-1972-ix.
  • Taxay, Don (1983). The U.South. Mint and Coinage (reprint of 1966 ed.). New York, N.Y.: Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications. ISBN978-0-915262-68-7.
  • Vermeule, Cornelius (1971). Numismatic Art in America . Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Printing. ISBN978-0-674-62840-three.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_nickel

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